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Table 1 Cytokine and chemokine levels in the brain of mice infected with Zika virus

From: Microglia are involved in phagocytosis and extracellular digestion during Zika virus encephalitis in young adult immunodeficient mice

Cytokines/chemokines

Amounts (mean ± SEM) in pg/mL

Day 0

Day 3 post-infection

Day 7 post-infection

Day 10 post-infection

IL-1α

4.28 ± 0.34

3.93 ± 0.47

10.44 ± 2.44*

8.24 ± 1.13

IL-1β

0.94 ± 0.02

0.97 ± 0.03

1.29 ± 0.20

1.08 ± 0.06

IL-2

3.20 ± 0.25

3.20 ± 0.40

4.36 ± 0.68

3.65 ± 0.21

IL-3

0.12 ± 0.08

0.34 ± 0.16

0.46 ± 0.17

0.21 ± 0.10

IL-5

0.75 ± 0.12

1.21 ± 0.20

1.42 ± 0.31

0.99 ± 0.13

IL-6

0.95 ± 0.03

1.20 ± 0.13

10.65 ± 4.02*

1.54 ± 0.26

IL-9

5.55 ± 0.04

4.77 ± 0.36

8.50 ± 0.94**

4.92 ± 0.49

IL-10

2.37 ± 0.98

3.05 ± 1.44

19.10 ± 6.40*

13.78 ± 3.65

IL-12p40

138.91 ± 8.62

134.58 ± 14.62

2307.21 ± 1072.27

2223.27 ± 637.44

IL-12p70

42.19 ± 3.09

60.26 ± 4.92

81.10 ± 11.42**

43.06 ± 4.01

IL-13

109.35 ± 5.43

127.71 ± 10.94

124.58 ± 8.20

108.49 ± 5.62

IL-17A

2.29 ± 0.18

2.15 ± 0.30

2.76 ± 0.41

2.61 ± 0.24

G-CSF

4.64 ± 1.55

2.30 ± 0.82

264.34 ± 138.48

19.88 ± 8.10

IFN-γ

6.51 ± 0.76

6.73 ± 0.75

14.62 ± 3.37*

8.46 ± 0.86

TNF-α

57.43 ± 12.71

42.86 ± 3.50

102.20 ± 30.40

34.76 ± 1.79

CCL2

87.61 ± 3.78

79.74 ± 3.85

934.59 ± 387.08*

284.89 ± 62.11

CCL3

10.72 ± 0.30

12.57 ± 0.32

130.09 ± 58.52*

59.93 ± 15.94

CCL4

4.09 ± 0.42

4.65 ± 0.36

9.28 ± 2.00*

7.13 ± 1.72

CCL5

ND

ND

277.48 ± 102.87

567.68 ± 180.00**

CCL11

44.91 ± 3.26

44.24 ± 3.28

180.29 ± 39.51***

82.63 ± 9.50

CXCL1

15.79 ± 1.10

12.43 ± 0.81

51.12 ± 15.74*

26.66 ± 3.40

  1. ND, not detected; SEM, standard error of the mean
  2. Results are the mean ± SEM of 5–6 mice per time point
  3. Statistical analyses were performed using a one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Results that are statistically different compared to day 0 (noninfected mice) are presented as follows: * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001 and are indicated in bold
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Journal of Neuroinflammation

ISSN: 1742-2094