Fig. 4

TNF-α increases Na⁺ currents in RGCs of normal retinas. a Representative traces show Na⁺ currents recorded in an RGC before (control, Ctr) and after TNF-α (5 ng/ml) application. b Current-voltage relationship curves of Na⁺ currents in RGCs before (Ctr) and after TNF-α application. n = 11. c Time courses of Na⁺ currents at −20 mV in Ctr (n = 7) and TNF-α application groups (n = 8). d Representative Na⁺ current traces recorded in an RGC at −20 mV in the TNF-α group at different time points as shown in figure c panel. e Summary data show the changes in relative peak Na⁺ currents (at −20 mV) under different conditions. n = 11. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 vs. Ctr