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Fig. 1 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 1

From: Sex difference in the interrelationship between TNF-α and oxidative stress status in first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia

Fig. 1

Sex difference in levels of SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, MDA, and TNF-α between patients and healthy controls (mean ± SEM). Male patients (N = 76), male controls (N = 80), female patients (N = 43), and female controls (N = 55). The two-way ANOVA adjusted for education and BMI showed significant main effects of diagnosis on GSH-Px (F = 9.09, p = 0.003), CAT (F = 4. 96, p = 0.03), MDA (F = 4.99, p = 0.03), and TNF-α (F = 4.15, p = 0.04), except SOD (F = 0.01, p = 0.92) (AE). There was a significant diagnosis × sex effect on MDA levels (F = 3.78, p = 0.05). Then, ANCOVA showed that MDA levels were higher in female healthy controls than in male healthy controls (F = 7.06, p = 0.009, pBonferroni = 0.045), and that MDA levels were higher in male patients than in male healthy controls (F = 8.19, p = 0.005, pBonferroni = 0.03) (A). There was a main effect of sex on CAT levels indicating sex difference in CAT levels (F = 5.53, p = 0.02) (B). SOD, superoxide dismutase; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; CAT, catalase; MDA, malondialdehyde

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