Fig. 3

Self-extracellular RNA and HMGB1 cooperate to promote pro-inflammatory activation of astrocytes. a Astrocytes were treated for 8 h with 10–500 ng/ml rhHMGB1 in the presence or absence of 1 µg/ml eRNA. b Astrocytes were treated for 8 h with 1 µg/ml eRNA and 500 ng/ml rhHMGB1 in the presence or absence of 1 µg/ml MAb-mTLR2. Untreated cells were used as control. Real-time RT-PCR was used to determine transcript levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Values are normalized to Rps12 (n = 3–5 per group; One-way ANOVA with Holm–Sidak's multiple comparisons test; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001)