Fig. 4

LM11A-31 pretreatment suppresses the activation of microglia and astrocytes at 24 h after PM induction. Immunofluorescence analysis for GFAP-positive cells and Iba-1-positive cells in cortex and hippocampus of rats in different groups. a, b Representative images stained with GFAP (green) and Iba-1 (green) in the cortex and hippocampus at 24 h post-infection. c, d The number of GFAP-positive cells/200× fields and Iba-1-positive cells/200× fields in the cortex and hippocampus at 24 h post-infection. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 3–5 rats). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Scale bar = 100 μm