Fig. 4

LPS induces gliosis in neocortex of two-hit 5xFAD females. A–D mRNA fold changes of individual astroglial and microglial markers in all hits (environmental and/or genetic) compared to no-hit mice. E LPS induced elevation in the group of glial markers in single-hit—environmental mice from no-hit mice. F LPS induced elevation in the group of glial markers in two-hit mice from single-hit—genetic mice. All the groups were normalized to no-hit mice. For individual endpoint analysis one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test was applied (A–D). For group analysis between different hits, paired t test was applied for the series of pro-inflammatory genes (E, F). P values were set to be significant at * ≤ 0.05, ** ≤ 0.01 and **** ≤ 0.0001. Data are mean ± SEM