Fig. 5

Prophylactic administration of paquinimod reduces inflammation in DSS-treated mice. Male mice were given paquinimod (10 mg/kg/day) in the drinking water starting one week prior to DSS. Mice were treated with or without 2% DSS in the absence or presence of paquinimod. 7 days later, weight loss (A), colon lengths (B) and Hemoccult (C) were measured. Cytokine/chemokine and S100A8/A9 levels were measured in the colon by CBA (D) and ELISA (E). RNA and protein were isolated from brain tissue homogenates and qRT-PCR was performed to quantify the upregulation of the indicated transcripts (F, H) and proteins (G, I). One-way ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni (90% CI, * = p < 0.1) (A) or Tukey (95% CI) (B, E, F, H, I) multiple comparisons test. Student’s t test comparing each cytokine/chemokine to respective control (D). *** = p < 0.0005, ** = p < 0.005, * = p < 0.05