Fig. 2

Surgical trauma induced microglial activation toward M1 polarization in hippocampus in aged mice. Representative immunofluorescence images of microglia in CA3 region (A) and DG region (C) of the hippocampus with magnification ×10 (scale bar: 200 μm) in the left panels, ×20 (scale bar: 200 μm) in the middle panels, and ×40 (scale bar: 100 μm) in the right panels, respectively; The microglia were stained with Iba-1 in red. Morphological changes of microglia were caused by surgical trauma: from "bifurcation" resting state to "short rod" or " amoeboid " activated state (A, C); Quantification of the Iba-1 fluorescence intensity in the hippocampal CA3 region (B) and DG region (D) caused by surgical trauma; E Microglia were separated by Percoll gradient centrifugation for RT-PCR; F The mRNA expression of M1(iNOS/CD86) and M2(Arg-1/CD206) phenotype markers respectively in microglia enriched by Percoll density gradient separation from hippocampus. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus control group by Student's t test. n = 5. Data are represented as mean ± SD