Fig. 4

TonEBP haploinsufficiency attenuates BBB leakage and neuroinflammation and enhances memory deficits in HFD/STZ-induced diabetic mice. a Representative immunofluorescence staining for ZO-1 in the hippocampus CA1 region sections. DAPI was used for nuclear staining. Quantification of ZO-1-immunostained density in the images (n = 3–4, F = 35.86, p < 0.001). b Representative double immunofluorescence staining for Ly6G and GFAP in the hippocampus CA1 region sections. Quantification of Ly6G (F = 3.215, p = 0.086)—or GFAP (F = 8.746, p = 0.006)—immunostained density in the images (n = 3–4). c Representative immunofluorescence staining for Iba-1 in the hippocampus CA1 region sections. Quantification of Iba-1-immunostained density in the images (n = 3–4, F = 22.37, p < 0.001). d Escape latency over four days of Morris water-maze training (n = 7–9, F = 1.926, p = 0.047). e Time within the target platform quadrant (n = 7–9, F = 5.15, p = 0.031). f Representative swim paths during probe trials. Square boxes indicate the location of the hidden platform. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. The indicated p values represent a two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. *p < 0.05 versus WT ND. ^†p < 0.05 versus WT HFD/STZ