Fig. 5

R848 induces pro-inflammatory gene expression in the liver, which is ameliorated with nafamostat treatment. Male, CD-1 mice received an intraperitoneal injection of R848 (200 μg, dissolved in DMSO and sterile saline) or control solution (DMSO diluted in sterile saline), together with an intravenous injection of nafamostat (3 mg/kg) or vehicle (sterile saline). Fresh liver was collected 6-h post-challenge and relative expression of TNF (A), IFN-γ (B), CXCL1 (C), CXCL10 (D), SAA-2 (E) and CRP (F) were determined by qPCR. Naïve animals were included to establish baseline (dotted line). Data presented as mean ± SEM, n = 4–10/group, and analysed by two-way ANOVA, ****p < 0.0001 main effect, ^##p < 0.01, ^####p < 0.0001 control vs. R848 with Sidak’s post hoc test, ^&p < 0.05, ^&&p < 0.01 vehicle vs. nafamostat with Sidak’s post hoc test