Fig. 7

R848 causes pro-inflammatory gene expression in the brain which is not attenuated by nafamostat. Male, CD-1 mice received an intraperitoneal injection of R848 (200 μg, dissolved in DMSO and sterile saline) or control solution (DMSO diluted in sterile saline), together with an intravenous injection of nafamostat (3 mg/kg) or vehicle (sterile saline). Fresh brain was collected 6-h post-challenge. Relative expression of TNF (A), IFN-γ (B), CXCL1 (C) and CXCL10 (D) in the prefrontal cortex were determined by qPCR. Naïve animals were included to establish baseline (dotted line). Data presented as mean ± SEM, n = 4–10/group, and analysed by two-way ANOVA, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 main effect, ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^####p < 0.0001 control vs. R848 with Sidak’s post hoc test