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Fig. 2 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 2

From: Circulating extracellular vesicles activate the pyroptosis pathway in the brain following ventilation-induced lung injury

Fig. 2

Injurious mechanical ventilation causes brain inflammation and cell death. A–D Microglia count and activation. Photomicrographs (20×; bars = 50 µm) of representative brain section immunostained for the microglial marker IBA-1 showing the corpus callosum from controls (A), low Vt (B), and high Vt (C) animals. There was microglial count (D) and morphological changes of the microglia consistent with microglial activation (inserts) with increased soma and thickened ramifications in ventilated animals. N = 5 animals/group. E–H TUNEL assay for assessment of cellular death. Photomicrographs of fluorescent stained brain sections for TUNEL assay of the corpus callosum from controls (E), low Vt (F), and high Vt (G) animals. There was an increased proportion of TUNEL + cells in animals ventilated with high Vt (H). N = 10 animals per group. Data are presented as box plots showing the median, 25th to 75th percentile, and minimal to maximal value. Data was analyzed by ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-test, p values < 0.05 are shown on bars. Hpf high-power field

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