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Fig. 1 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 1

From: Anti-inflammatory role of GM1 and other gangliosides on microglia

Fig. 1

Administration of GM1 before or after microglia stimulation with LPS curtails pro-inflammatory microglia activation. A BV2 microglial cells were pre-incubated with GM1 (50 µM) or vehicle for 1 h prior to stimulation with LPS (100 ng/ml). Representative immunoblots (of 3 independent experiments) show decreased levels of phospho-IKKα/β and phospho-p38 MAPK following stimulation with LPS in cells pre-treated with GM1. The numbers under the immunoblots are densitometric measurements for phospho-IKKα/β and phospho-p38 MAPK normalized over total protein, and show fold-change over unstimulated controls. B Rat primary microglia were pre-incubated with GM1 for 2 h followed by stimulation with LPS (100 ng/ml, 24 h) prior to measuring IL-6, IL-1β and nitric oxide (NO) released in the medium (N = 3 independent experiments). C Mouse primary microglia were stimulated for 3 h with LPS (100 ng/ml), washed and further incubated with GM1 (50 µM) for 8 h. Expression of TNF and IL-1β mRNA and TNF secreted in the medium were significantly decreased in GM1-treated cells (N = 3–5). D Human fetal microglia were treated as in C. GM1 treatment decreased IL-1β secretion into the medium (N = 3)

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