Fig. 2

GM1 effects on brain microglia in vivo, after peripheral administration of LPS. A Schematic representation of in vivo administration of GM1 after LPS-induced systemic inflammation in mice (N = 5 per treatment). B Representative images of Iba-1 stained microglia in the cortex of control animals infused with vehicle (CTRL) or GM1 (CTRL + GM1), and in animals treated with LPS and subsequently infused with vehicle artificial cerebrospinal fluid (LPS) or GM1 (LPS + GM1). C Immunoblot in whole brain lysates and densitometric analysis show LPS-dependent increase in Iba 1 expression. D Cortical and striatal microglia (Iba-1⁺ cells) cell body area quantified with MetaXpress software. GM1 administration significantly decreases cell body area in the cortex, but not in the striatum. E IL-6 protein levels in whole mouse brain homogenate. aCSF, artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Bars show mean values ± STDEV. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001