Fig. 5

Effect of MPL pre-injection on CSDS-induced neuroinflammatory responses in the brain. A‒F Quantitative analysis showing the preventive effect of a single MPL injection (400 μg/kg) 1 day before stress exposure on CSDS-induced increases in the levels of IL-1β (A hippocampus; D medial prefrontal cortex), IL-6 (B hippocampus; E medial prefrontal cortex), and TNF-α (C hippocampus; F cortex) in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (n = 10, **p < 0.01 vs. vehicle; #p < 0.05 or ##p < 0.01 vs. vehicle + CSDS). Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Comparisons were made by two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test