Fig. 7

AMPK-autophagy activation suppressed the morphine-induced inflammatory response through the upregulation of SOCS3. a, b BV-2 cells were transfected with 100 pmol Atg5 siRNA or negative control (NC) siRNA for 36 h and then subjected to metformin (2.5 mM) for 12 h, followed by exposure to morphine (200 µM) for 12 h. The phosphorylation of p65 (a) and the protein level of SOCS3 (b) were tested by western blot (n = 3). c, d BV-2 cells were pretreated with bafilomycin (20 nM) for 12 h and then subjected to metformin (2.5 mM) for 12 h, followed by exposure to morphine (200 µM) for 12 h. The phosphorylation of p65 (c) and the protein level of SOCS3 (d) were tested by western blot (n = 3). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. **p < .01 vs. the control group; ^#p < .05, ^##p < .01, ^###p < .001 vs. the morphine-treated group. ^$p < .05, ^$$p < .01, ^$$$p < .001 vs. morphine and metformin-coadministered group