Fig. 4

Nos2^−/− mice infected with H37Rv by the i.c.vent. route developed pyogranulomas and larger granulomatous lesions with increased concentrations of ICAM-1 compared to i.v. route. a Overall histopathology via H&E stain demonstrate more severe b meningitis and c parenchymal granulomatous inflammation in H37Rv i.c.vent. than H37Rv i.v. mice. Bottom panel: high-power views of insets. d, e H&E stain demonstrate extensive tissue necrosis (top), granuloma (middle), and perivascular cuffing (bottom) in (d) H37Rv i.c.vent. mice and e human CNS-TB biopsy specimen. f, g H37Rv i.c.vent.-infected mice had more and larger brain granulomas. The number and size of granulomas in each group were, respectively, quantified from 6 different sections of 6 mice, analyzed using Mann–Whitney test. H37Rv i.c.vent.-infected mice showed higher levels of (h) ICAM-1 compared to i.v.-infected mice, whereas (i) p-selectin levels were comparable. Bars represent median and IQR. Statistical analysis was conducted using Mann–Whitney test. **, p < 0.01. n = 6 mice were used per experimental group. Scale bar = 1 mm (a), 200 µm (b–e)