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Fig. 7 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 7

From: Vagus nerve stimulation modulates hippocampal inflammation caused by continuous stress in rats

Fig. 7

cVNS improves pain response and depressive-like behavior in CS animals. A A schematic diagram showing animal treatments including behavioral tests. VNS was initiated 24 h after final CS and given for 7 consecutive days, Behavioral tests were performed immediately after cVNS and continued each day for 8 days. B Von Frey hair test. Values of withdrawal threshold to stimulations on the left (L) and right (R) hind limbs were measured 20 times for individual animals as indicated in the Figure. Statistical comparison among groups were made by two-way ANOVA repeated measures (**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; see ‘Results’ section for details). In the plot in (B), vertical box brackets with solid and dashed lines denote the comparisons between the corresponding solid symbols and between the open symbols, respectively. C Forced swimming test. Immobility time was measured on the first and the eighth days after CS (labeled day 1 and day 8 in the figure). ***p < 0.001 (One-way ANOVA, n = 4)

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