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Table 1 Studies with negative results based on most recent trial

From: Central nervous system macrophages in progressive multiple sclerosis: relationship to neurodegeneration and therapeutics

Medication

Relevant studies

Amiloride

Positive results from open-label study (pilot study) [328]

Negative results from phase 2b clinical trial [317]

Biotin (MD1003, high dose)

Positive results from three-centers study (pilot study) [321]

Positive results from phase 2 clinical trial [322]

Negative results from phase 3 clinical trial [323]

Dronabinol

Negative results from randomized controlled trial [336]

Fingolimod

Negative results from phase 3 clinical trial [265]

Fluoxetine

Negative results from single-center study (pilot study with inadequate power) [337]

Negative results from phase 2b clinical trial [317]

Glatiramer acetate

Negative results from randomized controlled trial [338]

Idebenone

Negative results from phase 1/2 clinical trial [339]

Lamotrigine

Negative results from phase 2 clinical trial [340]

Laquinimod

Negative results from phase 2 clinical trial [341]

Lenercept

Negative results from phase 2 clinical trial [342]

Lithium

Negative results from open-label pilot study [343]

MBP8298 (dirucotide)

Positive results in subgroup of participants from phase 2 clinical trial [344]

Negative results from phase 3 clinical trial [345]

MIS416

Negative results from phase 2 clinical trial from pharmaceutical company report [346]

Natalizumab

Positive results from phase 2 clinical trial [347]

Negative results on sustained disability progression (positive results on upper-limb component of disability) from phase 3 clinical trial [348]

Opicinumab

Negative results from phase 2 clinical trial [349]

Development of opicinumab has been halted by the pharmaceutical company (October 2020) [350]

Riluzole

Positive results from pilot study [332]

Negative results from phase 2b clinical trial [317]

Rituximab

Negative results from phase 2/3 clinical trial [351]