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Fig. 3 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 3

From: ALS monocyte-derived microglia-like cells reveal cytoplasmic TDP-43 accumulation, DNA damage, and cell-specific impairment of phagocytosis associated with disease progression

Fig. 3

ALS MDMi display abnormal TDP-43 and/or pTDP-43 cytoplasmic localisation and inclusions a Representative immunofluorescence images of HC and ALS MDMi at day 14 showing TDP-43 (red), pTDP-43 (green), and DAPI counterstain (blue). Dotted circles in TDP-43 stained images (first column) represents the nucleus. White arrows indicate TDP-43 and/or pTDP-43 inclusions in ALS MDMi. Arrowheads indicate the co-localisation of TDP-43 and pTDP-43 inclusions. Inserts depict higher magnifications of the full images. b Ratio of nuclear-to-cytoplasmic TDP-43 in HC (n = 10) and ALS MDMi (n = 11) cohorts. c ALS MDMi from b was categorised into disease subgroups (Slow: n = 4, Intermediate: n = 3, Rapid: n = 4). Significantly increased cytoplasmic TDP-43 observed in slow, intermediate and rapid ALS cohorts compared to HC MDMi at day 14. n = 10 cells measured per individual MDMi. Data were first tested for normality using Shapiro–Wilk test. Statistical analysis between two groups was performed using Mann–Whitney U test and between multiple groups using Kruskal–Wallis test. Values are mean ± SD (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.0001). Scale bars = 50 µm

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