Fig. 1

Effect of HCQ on cortical size and neurological function after TBI. a Schematic representation of the TBI model and experimental design. b Representative TTC staining of brain sections at 3 day post-TBI. c Quantitative analysis of the lesion volume in TTC-stained brain sections, n = 5 per group. The data are presented as the mean ± SD, ^#p < 0.05 vs. TBI + Vehicle. d–f Neurological recovery was evaluated by mNSS, the rotarod test, and the grip strength at 1 and 3 day post-TBI. n = 8 per group. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. sham group, ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01 vs. TBI + Vehicle group