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Fig. 2 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 2

From: Hydroxychloroquine attenuates neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury by regulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway

Fig. 2

HCQ administration suppressed proinflammatory cytokine expression and TLR4/NF-κB activation in lesioned cortices induced by TBI at 3 day post-TBI. a Representative western blot bands of iNOS and TNF-α. b, c Densitometric quantification of iNOS and TNF-α. n = 4 per group. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. sham group, #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 vs. TBI + Vehicle group. df mRNA expression levels of iNOS, TNF-α and IL-1β. n = 4–5 per group. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. ***p < 0.001 vs. sham group, ###p < 0.001, ##p < 0.01 vs. TBI + Vehicle group. g Representative western blot bands of TLR4, p-NF-κB p65, NF-κB p65, p-IκBα, and IκBα. hj Densitometric quantification of TLR4, p-IκBα, IκBα, p-NF-κB p65, and NF-κB p65, respectively. n = 4 per group. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. sham group, #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 vs. TBI + Vehicle group. k mRNA expression levels of TLR4. n = 4 per group. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. ***p < 0.001 vs. sham group, #p < 0.05 vs. TBI + Vehicle group

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