Fig. 4

Effect of HCQ on resident microglia and immune cell infiltration in the brain after TBI. a The gating strategy of brain-resident microglia (CD11b⁺CD45^int) and infiltrating immune cells, including macrophages (CD11b⁺CD45^hiLy6G⁻), neutrophils (CD11b⁺CD45^hiLy6G⁺), B cells (CD45^hiCD3⁻CD19⁺), and T cells (CD45^hiCD3⁺CD19⁻). b, c Representative FACS plots and quantification of the percentage of resident microglia among brain cells. n = 4 for TBI + Vehicle group and n = 5 for TBI + HCQ group. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. ^*p < 0.05 vs. TBI + Vehicle group. d Representative FACS plots showing macrophages and neutrophils. e, f Quantification of the percentage of macrophages and neutrophils among brain cells. n = 4 for TBI + Vehicle group and n = 5 for TBI + HCQ group. ^*p < 0.05 vs. TBI + Vehicle group. g Representative FACS blots showing B cells and T cells. h, i Quantification of the percentage of B cells and T cells among brain cells. n = 4 for TBI + Vehicle group and n = 5 for TBI + HCQ group. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01vs. TBI + Vehicle group