Fig. 8

Combined administration of HCQ and TAK-242 did not enhance the effects of HCQ in the expression of TLR4, p-NF-κB p65, NF-κB p65, pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurological function. a Schematic diagram of the experimental design. b–e Representative western blot bands and densitometric quantification of TLR4, p-NF-κB p65 and NF-κB p65. n = 5 per group. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01 and ^***p < 0.001 vs. TBI + Vehicle group. ns: no significant difference. f–j mRNA expression levels of TLR4, TNF-α, iNOS, IL-6 and IL-1β. n = 6 per group. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. TBI + Vehicle group. ns: no significant difference. k–m Neurological recovery was evaluated by mNSS, the rotarod test, and the grip strength at 1 and 3 day post-TBI. n = 11 per group. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. TBI + Vehicle group