Fig. 4

Cigarette smoke (CS) cessation increases hippocampal oxidative stress. A Protein carbonylation (F_(4,27) = 12.55, p < 0.0001; n = 6-7 per group); B lipid peroxidation (F_(4,24) = 3.721, p = 0.0171; n = 5-6 per group); C gene expression of oxidative markers in the hippocampus (NADPH oxidase [Nox]1: F_(4,24) = 4.263, p = 0.0084; Nox4: F_(4,28) = 9.330, p < 0.0001; Inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNos]: F_(4,29) = 4.474, p = 0.0061; Glutathione peroxidase [Gpx]1: F_(4,25) = 20.82, p < 0.0001; n = 6 per group). D Synaptophysin labelling in the dentate gyrus (DG) hilus region of the hippocampus (F_(4,35) = 23.88, p < 0.0001; n = 7–8 per group). E Representative photomicrographs of the DG hilus from room air (sham) and CS-exposed mice illustrating differences in synaptophysin density. Data are expressed as mean + SEM. # p < 0.05 main effect of exposure; * p = 0.05; ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001