Fig. 2

Dose-dependent and sex-specific effects of IV ketamine infusion on plasma cytokine levels in male and female rats. Six different cytokine levels at 2-h post-infusion of ketamine (0, 10 or 40 mg/kg) in male and female rats are shown. Data are presented as changes from the saline control group to reduce variations in absolute values of cytokines between different assay plates. A IL-4 levels are significantly different between male and female rats following 10 mg/kg ketamine infusion. B IL-5 levels are significantly different between male and female rats following 10 mg/kg ketamine infusion. C IL-6 levels are significantly reduced in female rats following ketamine infusion (10 and 40 mg/kg). D IL-10 levels are significantly reduced in male rats following 10 mg/kg ketamine infusion. E KC/GRO levels are reduced in male and female rats following ketamine infusion (10 and 40 mg/kg). F TNF-α levels are reduced in male and female rats following ketamine infusion (10 and 40 mg/kg). The sample sizes for cytokines (saline, 10, and 40 mg/kg ketamine): IL-4 (n = 23, 18, 17 for males and n = 11, 11, 4 for females), IL-5 (n = 24, 18, 17 for males and n = 14, 9, 5 for females), IL-6 (n = 25, 19, 18 for males and n = 19, 15, 7 for females), IL-10 (n = 25, 18, 17 for males and n = 18, 16, 9 for females), KC/GRO (n = 24, 18, 16 for males and n = 25, 24, 9 for females), and TNF-α (n = 25, 19, 18 for males and n = 25, 25, 8 for females). *Significant from the controls (p < 0.05), #Significant between male and female rats (p < 0.05)