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Fig. 4 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 4

From: Effects of an intravenous ketamine infusion on inflammatory cytokine levels in male and female Sprague–Dawley rats

Fig. 4

No effects of estrous cycle on IV ketamine-induced reduction of plasma IL-6, KC/GRO, and TNF-α levels in female rats. A Different vaginal cell types indicating different phases of estrous cycle in female rats: leukocytes (diestrus phase), nucleated epithelial cells (proestrus phase), and cornified epithelial cells (estrus phase). Ketamine infusions reduced IL-6 (B), KC/GRO (C), and TNF-α (D) levels as compared to the saline controls, but there were no significant differences between the diestrus (low estrogen levels) and proestrus/estrus (high estrogen levels) phases on these cytokine levels. The sample sizes for cytokines (diestrus and proestrus/estrus phases): IL-6 (n = 7, 12 for saline females and n = 7, 15 for ketamine females), KC/GRO (n = 9, 16 for saline females and n = 14, 19 for ketamine females), and TNF-α (n = 9, 16 for saline females and n = 14, 19 for ketamine females)

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