Fig. 9

SCFAs evaluation. The levels of SCFAs were measured from cecum fecal samples A Acetic acid, B Propionic acid, C Isobutyric acid, D Butyric acid, and E Isovaleric acid. The levels of acetic acid, *p < 0.05; propionic acid, **p < 0.01; and butyric acid, *p < 0.05 significantly reduced after sepsis. The results are expressed as the mean ± SEM for n = 5 rats. F Gut H&E staining G Villus length, *p < 0.05, and H Crypt depth, *p < 0.05 decreased at 10 days after the sepsis (scale bar = 100 μm; magnification, × 100) The results are expressed as the mean ± SEM for n = 4 rats. I and J Spleen size, K Spleen weight, and L Spleen/body weight ratio, ***p < 0.001, significantly increased 10 days after sepsis. The results are expressed as the mean ± SEM for n = 7–8 rats