Fig. 3

Capsaicin attenuates phosphorylation of α-synuclein in primary neuron by boosting immune function of tolerant microglia in vitro. a Representative fluorescent images and b, c analysis of phagocytic activity determined by fluorescent beads uptake assay in PFF-tolerant microglia with capsaicin treatment (n = 3, biological replicates). Scale bar, 25 μm. d Representative double-immunofluorescent images for p-α-syn (Ser129) (red) and MAP2 (green) in primary cortical neurons. e Quantification of percentage of p-α-syn (Ser129) positive neurons and f relative intensity of p-α-syn (Ser129) in primary cortical neurons, which were exposed to conditioned medium from microglia treated with α-syn PFF for 5 days. (n = 3, biological replicates). Scale bar, 25 μm. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test was used for statistical analysis. Error bars represent mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001