Table 2 Plant-derived natural compounds and formulations that regulate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in animal models of depression
From: Microglia in depression: an overview of microglia in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression
Treatment | Animal models | Behavioral test | Analyzed regions | Microglia | Pro-inflammation | Anti-inflammation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crocin [226] | LPS | OFT, FST, TST, FST | HIP | — | ELISA: IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α ↓ Proteins: CD16/32, iNOS, p-65-NF-κB ↓ | Protein: CD206 ↑ |
Baicalin [186] | CMS | OFT, FST, TST, FST | HIP | — | Proteins: IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, TLR4 ↓ | — |
Catalpol [205] | CMS | OFT, EPM, FST | HIP | Iba-1+↓ | mRNA: IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, IL-6, CD206 ↓ Proteins: NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, IL-1β ↓ ROS ↓ | mRNA: CD206 ↑ |
Ganoderic acid A [227] | MCAO + CMS | OFT, SPT | HIP | — | ELISA: TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 ↓ mRNA: TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, CD68 ↓ Proteins: iNOS, CD68 ↓ | ELISA: IL-10 ↑ mRNA: IL-10, CD206, Arg-1 ↑ Proteins: CD206, Arg-1 ↑ |
Ginsenoside Rb1 [73] | CMS | OFT, SPT, TST, FST | HIP | Iba-1+↓ | mRNA: TNF-α, IL-1β ↓ | mRNA: TGF-β, Arg-1 ↑ |
Cortex | Iba-1+↓ | mRNA: TNF-α, IL-1β ↓ | mRNA: TGF-β, Arg-1 ↑ | |||
Salvianolic acid B [213] | CMS | SPT, TST, FST | HIP | Iba-1+(–) | ELISA: TNF-α ↓ mRNA: IL-1β, TNF-α ↓ | ELISA: IL-10 ↑ mRNA: IL-10, TGF-β ↑ |
Cortex | Iba-1+↓ | ELISA: TNF-α ↓ mRNA: IL-1β, TNF-α ↓ | ELISA: IL-10 ↑ mRNA: IL-10, TGF-β ↑ | |||
Curcumin [215] | GWI + CRS | OLT, NORT, NSFT | HIP | Iba-1+↓ | — | — |
Ginsenoside Rb1 [197] | CRS | OFT, TST, FST | HIP | Protein: Iba-1 ↓ | Proteins: TNF-α, IL-1β ↓ | — |
Arctigenin [171] | CMS | SPT, TST, FST | Serum | — | ELISA: TNF-α, IL-1β, NO ↓ | — |
PFC | Iba-1/HMGB1+↓ Protein: Iba-1 ↓ | Proteins: TNF-α, IL-1β, IDO ↓ | — | |||
Astragalin [231] | CMS | SPT, TST, FST | HIP | Iba-1+↓ | Proteins: Nuclear p65-NF-κB, NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, cleaved IL-1β, cleaved gasdermin D ↓ | — |
Saikosaponin-d [190] | LPS | OFT, FST, TST, FST | HIP | Iba-1+↓ in CA1 | Proteins: CD68, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, HMGB1, TLR4, p65-NF-κB, p-IκB-α ↓ | — |
Asperosaponin VI [228] | LPS | OFT, FST | HIP | Iba-1+↓ | mRNA: IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS ↓ Proteins: IL-1β, TNF-α, TLR4, p-NF-κB/NF-κB ↓ | — |
PFC | Iba-1+, iNOS/ Iba-1+↓ | mRNA: IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS ↓ Proteins: IL-1β, TNF-α, TLR4, p-NF-κB/NF-κB ↓ |  | |||
5-O-Methylvisammioside [233] | LPS | OFT, FST, FST, EPM | HIP | — | Proteins: NF-κB, IκB-α ↓ | — |
Scutellarin [230] | LPS | OFT, SPT, FST | HIP | Iba-1+↓ | Proteins: NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β ↓ ROS ↓ | — |
Ginsenoside Rg1 [200] | CMS | SPT, FST | vmPFC | Iba-1+↓ | mRNA: IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α ↓ ELISA: IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α ↓ | — |
Ginsenoside Rg3 [201] | LPS | — | Cortex | Iba-1+↓ | — | — |
Hypothalamus | Iba-1+↓ | — | — | |||
Brain | iNOS+, COX-2+, Iba-1+↓ | mRNA: IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α | — | |||
Magnolol [219] | CMS | OFT, SPT, FST, TST | HIP | Iba-1+↓ in DG; Iba-1/CD16/32+↓, Iba-1/CD206+↑ | — | — |
Brain | — | ELISA: TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 ↓ | ELISA: IL-4, IL-10 ↑ mRNA: Arg1, Ym1, Fizz1, Klf4 ↑ | |||
Geniposide [208] | LPS | SPT, TST, FST, OFT | HIP | — | ELISA: TNF-α, IL-6 ↓ Proteins: CD86 ↓, CD206 ↑ | — |
Serum | — | ELISA: TNF-α, IL-6 ↓ | — | |||
Arctiin [210] | CMS | TST, FST, OFT, SPT | PFC | Iba-1+/HMGB1+↓ Protein: Iba-1 ↓ | Proteins: TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, HMGB1 ↓ | — |
Serum | — | ELISA: TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS ↓ |  | |||
Ginkgolide B [234] | Depression in post myocardial infarction | OFT, SPT | Median raphe nucleus | — | ELISA: IL-1β ↓ mRNA: IL-1β ↓ | — |
HIP | Iba-1+↓ | ELISA: IL-1β ↓ mRNA: IL-1β ↓ | — | |||
Cortex | — | ELISA: IL-1β ↓ mRNA: IL-1β ↓ | — | |||
Leonurine [235] | CMS | TST, FST, SPT | HIP | — | Proteins: IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, p-IKKβ/IKKβ, p-p65/p65 ↓ | — |
Hesperidin [232] | CMS | FST, SPT, OFT | PFC | Iba-1+↓ | mRNA: NLRP3, caspase-1, ASC ↓ Proteins: NLRP3, caspase-1, ASC ↓ ELISA: IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α ↓ | — |
20(S)-Protopanaxadiol [229] | CMS | SPT, TST, FST | HIP | Iba-1+↓ | Proteins: iNOS, COX-2, acetylated p65 (ac-p65) ↓ | — |
Cortex | Iba-1+↓ | — | — | |||
Ferulic acid [236] | CMS | SPT, FST | PFC | — | mRNA: IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, NF-κB, CD11b ↓ Proteins: NLRP3, caspase-1 ↓ | — |
Resveratrol [224] | LPS | OFT, TST, FST | HIP | Iba-1+↓ in DG-SGZ | — | — |
(+)-Sesamin [69] | CMS | OFT, FST, TST, EMP | HIP | Protein: Iba-1 ↓ | mRNA: COX-2, iNOS, IL-1β, TNF-α ↓ | — |
Prelimbic cortex | Protein: Iba-1 ↓ | mRNA: COX-2, iNOS, IL-1β, TNF-α ↓ | — | |||
Quercetin [187] | OBX | OFT, FST | HIP | — | ELISA: TNF-α, IL-6 ↓ | — |
Cortex | — | ELISA: TNF-α, IL-6 ↓ | — | |||
Theaflavins [246] | LPS | TST | HIP | MIP-1α/CD11b+, TNF-α/CD11b+↓ in microglia | ELISA: TNF-α, IL-1β ↓ | — |
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate [99] | LPS | — | HIP | Iba-1+↓ in DG | mRNA: IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α ↓ Proteins: TLR4, Rel A, pRel A ↓ ELISA: IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α ↓ | — |
Gypenosides [192] | CMS | SPT, TST | HIP | Iba-1+↓ in DG | mRNA: IL-6 ↓ Proteins: IL-6, TNF-α ↓ | — |
Kososan [237] | CSDS | Social avoidance test | HIP | Iba-1+↓ | — | — |
Aquilariae Lignum ethanol extracts [238] | CRS | — | HIP | Iba-1+↓ | Proteins: TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS ↓ | — |
Rosemary Extracts [239] | CRS | OFT, TST, FST | Serum | — | ELISA: IL-1β, TNF-α ↓ | — |
HIP | Protein: Iba-1 ↓ | Proteins: IL-1β, TNF-α, p-p65-NF-κB ↓ | — | |||
Radix Polygalae extract [240] | CRS | OFT, SPT, NSFT | PFC | Iba-1+↓ | mRNA: NLRP3, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α ↓ Proteins: NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase-1 | — |
Bangpungtongsung-san [241] | Reserpine | OFT, TST, FST | HIP | — | mRNA: IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α ↓ | — |
XingnaoJieyu decoction [242] | MCAO + CMS | OFT, FST | Cortex | Iba-1+↓ | ELISA: TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β ↓ | — |
HIP | Iba-1+↓ | ELISA: TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β ↓ | — | |||
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides [243] | CSDS | OFT, SPT, TST, FST | HIP | Iba-1+↓ | Proteins: IL-1β, TNF-α ↓ | Proteins: IL-10, BDNF ↑ |
Water extract of Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm [244] | CMS | OFT, FST | Cerebral | Protein: Iba-1 ↓ | Proteins: IL-1β, TNF-α ↓ | — |
Xiaoyaosan [245] | CMS | SPT, OFT, FST, NSFT | HIP | Iba-1+↓ | mRNA: COX-2 ↓ | — |
Myelophil [96] | CMS | OFT, TST, FST | HIP | Iba-1+↓ in CA1, DG, CA3 | ELISA: IL-1β, TNF-α ↓ Proteins: NLRP3, ASC, pro-IL-1β, IL-1β ↓ | — |