Fig. 3

SpNS improves DSS-induced colitis. A Colon weight/length and Disease Activity Index at day 12. B Bodyweight loss of mice over time, compared with day 0. Data are expressed as mean and SD. C Endoscopy score at day 8 and two representative images. D Spleen weight. E Histology score and two representative images are shown of a hematoxylin and eosin staining, magnification 10×. F Protein levels of MCP-1 IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ in colon homogenates, normalized for total protein levels. N = 15–16 per group. All mice (both sham and stim) were implanted with a cuff electrode, were allowed to recover for 10 days and then received DSS in drinking water for 5 days followed by a 7 day recovery period. Data are expressed as mean or median and individual data points. Statistical differences between sham and stim mice were assessed using an independent t-test or a Mann–Whitney U test. P < 0.05 was considered significant. DSS dextran sulfate sodium, SpNS splenic nerve plexus stimulation, MCP monocyte chemoattractant protein, IL interleukin, TNF tumor necrosis factor, IFN interferon