Fig. 3
From: Semaphorin 4D is upregulated in neurons of diseased brains and triggers astrocyte reactivity
SEMA4D is upregulated in neurons of human AD; changes in astrocyte GS expression and morphology are indicative of astrogliosis. Human brain autopsy sections from non-diseased human and AD, with representations from thalamus, temporal lobe, and frontal cortex were processed for SEMA4D, Huc/HuD (neuronal cell body), GFAP (astrocytes), and GS (astrocyte cell body and processes). Representative images of human temporal lobe sections stained for a SEMA4D and Huc/HuD and b GS, and c GFAP staining; soma is circled in binary image conversion. Fractal dimension analysis of GFAP+ astrocytes demonstrate significant changes between non-diseased (“normal”) and AD individuals. (Note different scales shown in a–c) d Quantification of SEMA4D in HuC/HuD+ cells, HuC/HUD+ cell density, and GS expression in GFAP+ cells. Each bar represents autopsy tissue from one individual; mean of the sum of integrated fluorescence intensity of 3 consecutive sections/individual + SEM is shown for each subject/condition. Group differences and statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc analysis