Fig. 5

FIR light enhanced microglial Aβ phagocytosis through increased microglial extracellular ATP release. A Extracellular ATP of microglia under different stimulation conditions. Without Aβ stimulation, extracellular ATP of microglia cultured in B medium containing glucose of 25 mM and 0.1 mM, respectively (n = 12), or C medium containing glucose of 25 mM and additionally adding AA or not (n = 12). With Aβ stimulation, extracellular ATP of microglia cultured in D medium containing glucose of 25 mM and 0.1 mM, respectively (n = 12), or E medium containing glucose of 25 mM and additionally adding AA or not (n = 12). F Upon the FIR light treatment, extracellular ATP of microglia treated with antimycin A or not (n = 6). G Extracellular ATP of microglia treated with FIR light or not (n = 6). H Upon the FIR light treatment, Aβ phagocytosis of microglia pretreated with suramin or not (n = 6). I Upon the suramin pretreatment, Aβ phagocytosis of microglia treated with FIR light or not (n = 6). J Upon the FIR light treatment, Aβ phagocytosis of microglia pretreated with apyrase or not (n = 6). K Upon the apyrase pretreatment, Aβ phagocytosis of microglia treated with FIR light or not (n = 6). L Upon the FIR light treatment, Aβ phagocytosis of microglia pretreated with wortmannin or not (n = 6). M Upon the FIR light treatment, Aβ phagocytosis of microglia pretreated with rapamycin or not (n = 6). N Upon the wortmannin pretreatment, Aβ phagocytosis of microglia treated with FIR light or not (n = 6). O Upon the rapamycin pretreatment, Aβ phagocytosis of microglia treated with FIR light or not (n = 6). Data were means ± SEM, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. N.S.: not significant. AA: antimycin A. Su: suramin. Ap: apyrase. Wo: wortmannin. Ra: rapamycin