Fig. 8

Oral gavage of fecal microbiota from SPF mice restores ABX-induced gut microbiota depletion and rescues neuropathic pain. Fecal bacteria conventionalization was used to restore the depleted gut microbiota and the successful restoration of fecal microbiota was verified by detecting fecal microbiota DNA concentration. A–F ABX-induced gut microbiota depletion and analgesic effects were restored and reversed following fecal bacteria conventionalization in the animals that received treatment of CCI (A, B), OXA (C, D) and STZ (E, F). Arrows show the timing of fecal bacteria conventionalization and ABX withdrawal. Statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA (A, C, E) or two-way ANOVA with Dunnett multiple comparison (B, D, F), A **p < 0.01 versus SPF, ^#p < 0.05 versus ABX + CCI (n = 3 in each group). B **p < 0.01 versus SPF + CCI, ^##p < 0.01 versus ABX + CCI (n = 9 at day 7 in ABX + CCI conv, n = 12 at day -1/0/3, n = 7 at other data points, n = 10 in other group). C *p < 0.05 versus SPF, ^##p < 0.01 versus ABX + OXA (n = 4 in SPF, n = 4 in SPF + OXA, n = 4 in ABX + OXA, n = 3 in ABX + OXA conv.). D **p < 0.01 versus SPF + OXA, ^##p < 0.01 versus ABX + OXA (n = 10 in SPF and ABX, n = 11 in ABX + OXA, n = 6 in ABX + OXA conv at day 10, n = 5 at day 14/18/21/28, n = 10 at other data points). E **p < 0.01 versus SPF, ^#p < 0.05 versus ABX + STZ (n = 3 in each group). F **p < 0.01 versus SPF + STZ, ^##p < 0.01 versus ABX + STZ (n = 6 in CAB, n = 7 in ABX + STZ, n = 8 in others group)