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Fig. 1 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 1

From: Transient neuroinflammation following surgery contributes to long-lasting cognitive decline in elderly rats via dysfunction of synaptic NMDA receptor

Fig. 1

Surgery caused long-term spatial memory deficits. a PNDs model was established by performing abdominal surgery and OLM and ORM tests were performed on postoperative days 7, 14, 21, and 60 (top panel). The OIP test was performed on postoperative day 14 and MWM test was performed from postoperative days 9–14 (bottom panel). b Experimental procedure for OLM and discrimination ratios at different timepoints (day 7: control, n = 15, surgery, n = 15, anesthesia, n = 10; day 14: control, n = 9, surgery, n = 9, anesthesia, n = 9; day 21: control, n = 10, surgery, n = 9, anesthesia, n = 9; day 60: control, n = 11, surgery, n = 9, anesthesia, n = 10). c Experimental procedure for ORM and discrimination ratios (day 7: control, n = 12, surgery, n = 12, anesthesia, n = 10; day 14: control, n = 8, surgery, n = 8, anesthesia, n = 10; day 21: control, n = 10, surgery, n = 9, anesthesia, n = 10; day 60: control, n = 10, surgery, n = 10, anesthesia, n = 9). d Experimental procedure for OIP and discrimination ratio on postoperative day 14 (control, n = 8, surgery, n = 10, anesthesia, n = 10). e Representative swimming paths during the acquisition session of the MWM and escape latency from postoperative days 9–13. The number of platform crossings f and time spent in the target quadrant g during the probe trial session of the MWM on postoperative day 14 (control, n = 13, surgery, n = 13, Anesthesia, n = 10). OLM object location memory, ORM object recognition memory, OIP object-in-place, MWM Morris water maze. Data are presented as means ± SEM and statistical analyzed by a two-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey’s test (b and c), a one-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey’s test (d and g), a Kruskal–Walls H test (f), or a repeated ANOVA followed by a Tukey’s test (e). *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 compared with Control

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