Fig. 10

VCE-004.8 reduces leukocyte and macrophage cell infiltration after TBI. (A-B) VCE-004.8 reduced leukocyte invasion in the pericontusional cortex post-CCI. Graphs represent the cell count analysis of neutrophils (MPO⁺ cells) and T cells (CD3⁺ cells) of microscopy images for each marker at 24 h, 72 h and 7 days. Data are represented as mean ± SEM, and significance was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey’s post hoc test or Kruskal–Wallis post hoc test. A (24 h and 72 h: p < 0.0001; ***p < 0.001, 7 days: p = 0.0011; **p < 0.01 CCI + Vehicle vs Sham, 24 h: p = 0.0023; ##p < 0.01, 72 h: p < 0.0001; ###p < 0.001, 7 days: p = 0.0010; ###p < 0.001 CCI + VCE-004.8 vs CCI + Vehicle), B (24 h, 72 h and 7 days: p < 0.0001; ***p < 0.001 CCI + Vehicle vs Sham, 24 h: p = 0.0055; ##p < 0.01, 72 h: p < 0.0001; ###p < 0.001, 7 days: p = 0.0002; ###p < 0.001 CCI + VCE-004.8 vs CCI + Vehicle). C VCE-004.8 ameliorated macrophage cell infiltration in the pericontusional cortex post-CCI. Graphs represent the quantification of immunolabeled images with F4/80 marker. Data are represented as mean ± SEM, and significance was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey’s post hoc test or Kruskal–Wallis post hoc test. 24 h, 72 h and 7 days: p < 0.0001; ***p < 0.001 CCI + Vehicle vs Sham, 24 h: p = 0.0043; ##p < 0.01, 72 h and 7 days: p < 0.0001; ###p < 0.001 CCI + VCE-004.8 vs CCI + Vehicle