Fig. 2

Levels of TNFα are elevated with glyphosate exposure. A Plasma concentration of TNFα are significantly elevated after 500 mg/kg daily exposure compared to all other doses. B TNFα levels in cohort 1 whole brain homogenates are significantly increased after glyphosate exposure in all three doses. C Levels of TNFα are elevated in isolated hippocampal homogenates from cohort 2 mice in a dose-dependent manner. D Levels of TNFα in isolated cortical homogenates from cohort 2 mice are elevated in a dose-dependent manner. Data are presented as boxplots. The center line represents the median value, the limits represent the 25th and 75th percentile, and the whiskers represent the minimum and maximum value of the distribution. **p < .01, ****p < .0001