Fig. 2

Microglial activation during development and post-developmental behavioral disorders induced by prenatal exposure to VPA. VPA (800 mg/kg) was orally administered on E11.5. A Eye opening was sequentially observed and scored as 0.5 for one eye open and 1 for both eyes open. The values are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 17 male pups from 3 dams in each group). The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA [F(1, 64) = 0.7067, p = 0.4037] with Tukey's corrected multiple comparison tests. B Locomotor activity evaluated by the open field test at the age of 6 weeks. The values are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 17 male pups from 3 dams in each group). The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA [F(8, 288) = 1.012, p = 0.4273] with Tukey's corrected multiple comparison tests. C–E The number of alternations, exploration time and the number of buried marbles were measured in the Y-maze, social affiliation and marble burying tests, respectively. The values are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 17 male pups from 3 dams in each group). The data were analyzed using Student's t test. F–I Hippocampal slices were prepared from P10 mice and stained for Iba1, CD68 and DAPI. F Representative stained pictures. G The number of microglia in the CA1, CA3 and DG regions. H The amoeboid score was calculated from Iba1 staining images. I The CD68-stained area was determined by calculating the Iba1/CD68 staining images. The values are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 5 male pups from 2 dams in each group). The data were analyzed using Student's t test