Fig. 3

Involvement of activated microglia in VPA-mediated induction of behavioral disorders. VPA (800 mg/kg) was orally administered on E11.5. Minocycline (100 mg/kg) was administered to dams by drinking water from P1 to P21. A–D Hippocampal slices obtained from P10 mice were stained with Iba1 and CD68 and observed by confocal microscopy. A Representative stained pictures. B The number of microglia. C Amoeboid scores and D the CD68-stained area. The values are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 5 male pups from 2 dams in each group). The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA [B F(1, 16) = 0.07785, p = 0.7838, C F(1, 16) = 11.11, p = 0.0042, D F(1, 16) = 13.67, p = 0.0020] with Tukey's corrected multiple comparison tests. E The number of alternations in the Y-maze test. The values are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 17 male pups from 3 dams in each group). The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA [F(1, 64) = 8.723, p = 0.0044] followed by Tukey's t test. F Social interaction, as measured by exploration time in the open field. The values are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 17 male pups from 3 dams in each group). The data were analyzed using Student's t test. G The number of buried marbles. The values are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 17 male pups from 3 dams in each group). The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA [F(1, 64) = 14.55, p = 0.0003] followed by Tukey's t test