Fig. 4

Involvement of microglia in the induction of a neuronal excitation–inhibition imbalance by VPA. Pregnant female mice received a single oral dose of 800 mg/kg sodium valproate on E11.5. Minocycline (100 mg/kg) was administered to dams by drinking water from P1 to P10. Hippocampal slices were prepared from 10-day-old male pups, and then electrical stimulation was applied to Schaffer collateral afferents at the CA3/CA1 border in the CA1 region (A, B), the granule cell layer to stimulate the mossy fiber pathway (C, D), and the molecular layer of the upper blade of the DG (E, F) in hippocampal slices from P10 mice. A, C, E Representative pseudocolored images showing activity. B, D, F Quantification of the neural response in the slices. The values are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 4 male pups from 2 dams in each group). The values are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 5 male pups from 2 dams in each group). The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA [B F(1, 12) = 10.04, p = 0.0081, D F(1, 12) = 5.021, p = 0.0447, F F(1, 12) = 1.910, p = 0.1921] with Tukey's corrected multiple comparison tests