Table 2 Therapeutic approach to combat neuroinflammation in AD
From: Astrocytic and microglial cells as the modulators of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease
Phytochemical origin | Essential components | Effects | Significance in AD | References | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural products | ||||||||
Turmeric | Curcumin Tetrahydrocurcumin | Inhibits gliosis Reduces oxidized protein Disaggregates Aβ Prevent synaptic toxicity | Modulates inflammation Reduces Aβ aggregates Protects synapses Improves cognition | [137,138,139,140,141] | ||||
Morus alba | Quercetin | Inhibits the NF-kB pathway Upregulates the anti-oxidant defense system NRf2/HO-1 axis Regulates apoptosis | Reduces neuroinflammation Reduces oxidative stress | |||||
Grapevine and other fruits | Resveratrol | Inhibits gliosis Upregulates SIRT-1 expression Reduces oxidative stress | Reduces neuroinflammation Decreases Aβ aggregates Improves cognition | |||||
Ginkgo biloba | Ginkgolides | Increases SIRT-1 expression Inhibits NF-kB pathway Upregulated HO-1 expression Upregulates anti-apoptotic protein expression | Reduces neuroinflammation Anti-apoptotic Protects neurons | |||||
Sinomenine acutum | Sinomenine | Inhibits gliosis Inhibit NADPH oxidase Prevent DNA damage | Reduces neuroinflammation Reduces ROS production Protects neuron | |||||
Name | Target | Effects | Significance in AD | References | ||||
Synthetic drugs: | ||||||||
GC021109 | P2XY | Enhances phagocytosis by microglia | Inhibits neuroinflammation | [153] | ||||
Azeliragon | Antagonist of RAGE | Prevent Aβ-induced neurotoxicity | Neuroprotection | [154] | ||||
Pioglitazone | Agonist of PPARγ | Ameliorates metabolism of neuron Reduces neuroinflammation Reduces oxidative stress | Improves learning and memory Improves synaptic activity Reduces Aβ and tau pathology | [155] | ||||
Ibuprofen | COX | Inhibits cytokine production | Reduces neuroinflammation | [159] | ||||
Cromolyn | Microglia | Inhibits release of inflammatory cytokines | Reduces neuroinflammation | [160] | ||||
Neflamapimod | Intracellular enzyme p38MAPKα | Inhibits inflammatory pathway | Improves cognition Ameliorates synaptic dysfunction | [161,162,163] | ||||