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Table 1 Absolute ultrastructural analysis of dark microglia near Aβ plaques and dystrophic neurites compared to typical microglia near vs far Aβ plaques and dystrophic neurites in the ventral hippocampus CA1 stratum lacunosum-moleculare of aged-matched APP-PS1 vs C57BL/6J male mice

From: Ultrastructural characterization of dark microglia during aging in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease pathology and in human post-mortem brain samples

 

C57BL/6J

APP-PS1

 

CTM

Mean ± SEM

(Min–Max)

FTM

Mean ± SEM

(Min–Max)

NTM

Mean ± SEM

(Min–Max)

NDM

Mean ± SEM

(Min–Max)

Area (µm2)

26.54 ± 1.702 (11.68–44.92)

28.20 ± 1.859 (11.32–45.09)

27.96 ± 2.094 (11.63–46.09)

26.76 ± 1.678 (10.30–49.48)

Perimeter (µm)

25.25 ± 1.437 (15.85–50.27)

24.54 ± 1.221 (14.60–42.87)

25.71 ± 1.837 (13.50–48.10)

32.49 ± 3.204 (5.758–68.19)

Circularity (a.u)~~ 

0.5545 ± 0.02709 (0.1900–0.8040)

0.5993 ± 0.02212 (0.2970–0.7850)

0.5820 ± 0.03226 (0.2350–0.8080)

0.4417 ± 0.03181**## (0.1550–0.6050)

Aspect ratio (a.u)

1.732 ± 0.08945 (1.035–2.765)

1.522 ± 0.07346 (1.085–2.635)

1.716 ± 0.109 (1.024–3.243)

1.992 ± 0.1596 (1.164–5.157)

Roundness (a.u)

0.6175 ± 0.03100 (0.3620–0.9660)

0.6942 ± 0.02864 (0.3810–0.9210)

0.6386 ± 0.03525 (0.3080–0.9770)

0.5690 ± 0.03428 (0.1940–0.8590)

Solidness (a.u) ~ 

0.8670 ± 0.01766 (0.5410–0.9710)

0.8891 ± 0.01269 (0.6420–0.9570)

0.8620 ± 0.02242 (0.6030–0.9730)

0.8038 ± 0.02264*# (0.4630–0.9530)

Associations with myelinated axons (n) ~ ~ 

0.5556 ± 0.1716 (0.000–3.000)

0.6207 ± 0.1818 (0.000–4.000)

0.2593 ± 0.1653 (0.000–4.000)

0.000 ± 0.000##! (0.000–0.000)

Axon terminals (n) ~ 

4.926 ± 0.7059 (0.000–15.00)

6.207 ± 0.5490 (1.000–13.000)

5.074 ± 0.5493 (0.000–11.00)

4.107 ± 0.4581# (1.000–10.00)

Dendritic spines (n)

0.4444 ± 0.1541 (0.000–3.000)

1.103 ± 0.2866 (0.000–5.000)

0.8889 ± 0.1631 (0.000–3.000)

0.4643 ± 0.1204 (0.000–2.000)

Synaptic clefts (n)

1.074 ± 0.2611 (0.000–6.000)

1.138 ± 0.2089 (0.000–4.000)

1.148 ± 0.1826 (0.000–3.000)

0.8571 ± 0.2557 (0.000–6.000)

All synaptic contacts (n) ~ ~ 

6.444 ± 0.8136 (0.000–17.00)

8.448 ± 0.6250 (2.000–14.00)

7.1111 ± 0.6300 (0.000–13.00)

5.429 ± 0.4945## (1.000–11.00)

Primary lysosomes (n)

0.000 ± 0.000 (0.000–0.000)

0.03448 ± 0.03448 (0.000–1.000)

0.07407 ± 0.05136 (0.000–1.000)

0.07143 ± 0.04956 (0.000–1.000)

Secondary lysosomes (n)

0.03704 ± 0.03704 (0.000–1.000)

0.1034 ± 0.05755 (0.000–1.000)

0.444 ± 0.1631 (0.000–3.000)

0.3214 ± 0.1265 (0.000–2.000)

Tertiary lysosomes (n)

0.5556 ± 0.1445 (0.000–3.000)

0.2069 ± 0.07655 (0.000–1.000)

0.1852 ± 0.09302 (0.000–2.000)

0.3571 ± 0.1282 (0.000–2.000)

All lysosomes (n)

0.6296 ± 0.1614 (0.000–3.000)

0.3448 ± 0.08983 (0.000–1.000)

0.7937 ± 0.2123 (0.000–4.000)

0.7500 ± 0.1677 (0.000–3.000)

Lipid bodies (n)

1.074 ± 0.2383 (0.000–4.000)

0.7586 ± 0.2748 (0.000–7.000)

0.7037 ± 0.3493 (0.000–9.000)

0.8929 ± 0.3386 (0.000–8.000)

Lipofuscin granules (n)

0.8148 ± 0.1927 (0.000–3.000)

0.6897 ± 0.1929 (0.000–3.000)

1.000 ± 0.3849 (0.000–7.000)

0.9286 ± 0.2116 (0.000–3.000)

Partially digested endosomes (n)

0.5185 ± 0.1449 (0.000–2.000)

0.9310 ± 0.2216 (0.000–4.000)

1.444 ± 0.3261 (0.000–5.000)

1.250 ± 0.3155 (0.000–6.000)

Fully digested endosomes (n)

0.3333 ± 0.1688 (0.000–4.000)

0.7931 ± 0.1674 (0.000–3.000)

0.7407 ± 0.2480 (0.000–4.000)

0.9643 ± 0.2976 (0.000–6.000)

All endosomes (n) ~ 

0.7407 ± 0.2174 (0.000–4.000)

1.759 ± 0.2836 (0.000–5.000)

2.185 ± 0.4685 (0.000–9.000)

2.214 ± 0.4780 (0.000–8.000)

Autophagosomes (n)

0.2222 ± 0.09745 (0.000–2.000)

0.06897 ± 0.04789 (0.000–1.000)

0.2222 ± 0.1111 (0.000–2.000)

0.3571 ± 0.1282 (0.000–3.000)

Fibrillar materials (n)

0.000 ± 0.000 (0.000–1.000)

0.06897 ± 0.04789 (0.000–1.000)

0.1111 ± 0.06163 (0.000–1.000)

0.07143 ± 0.04956 (0.000–1.000)

Altered mitochondria (n) ~ ~ ~ ~ 

0.3704 ± 0.1087 (0.000–2.000)

1.207 ± 0.1815% (0.000–3.000)

1.889 ± 0.4347&& (0.000–10.00)

3.464 ± 0.6289!!!! (0.000–11.00)

Elongated mitochondria (n)

0.3333 ± 0.1194 (0.000–2.000)

0.4138 ± 0.1267 (0.000–2.000)

0.4074 ± 0.1710 (0.000–3.000)

0.6071 ± 0.2376 (0.000–6.000)

Dilated ER/Golgi apparatus (n)~~~

0.2222 ± 0.1111 (0.000–2.000)

0.5862 ± 0.1955 (0.000–5.000)

1.593 ± 0.3968&& (0.000–7.000)

2.071 ± 0.4740!! (0.000–9.000)

  1. CTM control typical microglia, FTM typical microglia far from Aβ plaque and dystrophic neurites, NTM typical microglia near Aβ plaque and dystrophic neurite, NDM dark micorglia near Aβ plaque and dystrophic neurite, n number, a.u. arbritary unit, ER endoplasmic reticulum
  2. p-values of statistically significant tests are highlighted with various symbols (*,#,&,!,%). Data reported is shown as number per cell. Data shown are expressed as means ± SEM along with the minimum and maximum range of values obtained. ~ p < 0.05, ~  ~ p < 0.01, ~  ~  ~  ~ p < 0.001 using a Kruskal–Wallis test with a post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. ~ p-value summary, * NDM vs NTM, # NDM vs FTM, ! NDM vs CTM, & NTM vs CTM, % FTM vs CTM. Statistical tests were performed on n = 9–12 microglia per animal with N = 3 mice/group, for a total of 111 microglial cell bodies analyzed (effect size of 0.4, power of 0.95 determined by G*Power Software V3.1)
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Journal of Neuroinflammation

ISSN: 1742-2094