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Fig. 8 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 8

From: Injection of amyloid-β to lateral ventricle induces gut microbiota dysbiosis in association with inhibition of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways in Alzheimer’s disease

Fig. 8

Diagram of the hypothesis model in this study. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Aβ can inhibit the vagus nerve-mediated cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway through reducing the expression level of M1 type acetylcholine receptors (M1 mAChR) in the brain. In the gut, inhibition of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway leads to decreased acetylcholine transferase (CHAT) levels, which reduces acetylcholine (Ach) secretion. As decreased Ach, the activation of α7 acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR), a receptor of Ach on the surface of macrophages in the intestine, is reduced. Then, the macrophages shift more toward pro-inflammatory phenotype by upregulating the NF-kb signaling pathway, leading to damage of enteric neurons, disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier, and promotion the amyloidogenic pathways in the gut. Finally, gut microbiota dysbiosis occurs in AD

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Journal of Neuroinflammation

ISSN: 1742-2094