Fig. 2

The upregulation of TGFβ1/IGF-1/BDNF expression in the brain of AD mice by PBMT extended to promote adult hippocampal neurogenesis. A, B Western blotting analysis (A) and quantification (B) of TGFβ1/IGF-1/BDNF expression in APP/PS1 and 3xTg-AD mouse brain after PBMT, (n = 3–4 per group). C The concentration of TGFβ1/IGF-1/BDNF in brain tissues were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), (n = 3–6 per group). D Representative images of Nestin⁺ (neural stem cell staining) and neuronal class-III β-tubulin (Tuj1)⁺ (newborn neurons staining) expression cells in APP/PS1 and 3xTg-AD mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) at the end of PBMT. Scale bars, 50 μm. E Quantitative analyses of Nestin⁺ and Tuj1⁺ area in the hippocampal DG of each group, (n = 4 per group). F Quantitative analyses of the Nestin and Tuj1 mean fluorescence (MFI) in the brain tissues of each group after PBMT. The Nestin and Tuj1 MFI were detected by flow cytometer, (n = 5–6 per group). G Tuj1 antibody was used to staining the newborn neurons, and then, the expression of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptors (AMPAR) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) on Tuj1⁺ neurons were detected by flow cytometer. All quantifications are presented as mean ± SEM and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test; ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 versus WT group; ###p < 0.001, ##p < 0.01, #p < 0.05 versus indicated group