Fig. 4

Activation of the RIP1/RIP3/MLKL pathway in glutamate-induced excitotoxic model. a Protein levels of RIP1, RIP3, MLKL and p-MLKL (phospho S345) in R28 cells after treatment with glutamate for 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h. b Protein levels of RIP1, RIP3, MLKL and p-MLKL (phospho S345) in the mouse retina after intravitreal administration of NMDA for 1, 3, and 5 days. c Representative immunofluorescence microphotographs of retinal sections stained with RBPMS (green), RIP1 (red), and DAPI (blue) post-NMDA injection. Scale bar = 50 μm. (d) Representative immunofluorescence microphotographs of retinal sections stained with RBPMS (green), RIP3 (red), and DAPI (blue) post-NMDA injection. Scale bar = 50 μm. GCL: ganglion cell layer; INL: inner nuclear layer; ONL: outer nuclear layer; CTL: the control group. The results were recorded as mean ± SD from at least three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 versus control or saline group. ns: not significant