Table 2 A summary of markers and signaling pathways and their related mechanisms implicated in ZEB1-related CNS disorders

Cerebrovascular diseases

TGF-b1

Inhibition of astrocytic CXCL1 via TGF-b1 pathways

[83, 129]

PGC-1α

Its expression happens after ischemic stroke to reduce brain damage via the downregulation of inflammatory cytokines and interaction with ZEB1

[134]

p63, p73

ZEB1 creates a linkage between p63 and p73 for promoting the cell survival pathway

[135]

CXCL1, TGF-β1 pathway

Brain protection by ZEB1 via CXCL1 inhibition in the TGF-β1 pathway

[129]

Neuropathic pain

XIST

Sponging miR-150 leads to overexpression of ZEB1 and neuropathic pain

[136]

ciRS-7, STAT3

Sponging of miR-641 or activation of miR-135a-5p contributes to expressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-12, and TNFα leading to EMT induction

[137, 138]

GBM

MGMT

Lower effect of temozolomide therapy by the interference of ZEB1 with MGMT

[139]

CBF1

Activating EMT inducers such as ZEB1, SNAIL1, and CD44 genes

[140, 141]

miR-205-3p, LINC00645, TGF-β

LINC00645 in collaboration with miR-205-3p and ZEB1 promotes EMT stimulated by TGF-β

[84]

LINC00511, miR-524-5p,YB1

By influencing on ZEB1 promoted GBM aggression

[142]

miRNA-200

GBM invasiveness increases followed by inhibition of miRNA-200 by ZEB1

[29]

TGF-β, SMAD2

Along with ZEB1 lead to GBM cell aggression

[52]

WNT/β-catenin, twist, snail

Wnt/β-catenin pathway via activation of EMT inducers such as ZEB1, twist, and Snail promotes GBM aggregation and tumor malignancy

[143]

α6-integrin, FGFR1, YAP1, FOXM1

α6-integrin is involved in radioresistance as well as GBM stemness and proliferation by administering FGFR1 under the coordination of ZEB1 and YAP1 leading to FOXM1 stimulation

[144, 145]

ma, MAPK

These markers with influence on ZEB1 expression lead to tumor invasion

[146]

Multiple sclerosis

JAK2, miR-101-3p

JAK2 is suppressed followed by the inhibition of miR-101-3p through ZEB1 activities and increasing cytokines relevant to pathogenicity

[147]

Zfhep1, Zfhep2, IL2

IL2 was associated with T-cell formation and can be suppressed via ZEB1 (related to upregulation of Zfhep1 and not Zfhep2)

[148, 149]

TLR4, miR-200a-3p

[150, 151]

CNS traumatic injuries

ErbB2, TGF- β

[72, 152]

XIST, miR-27a, Smurf1

Suppressing XIST caused to inhibit of miR-494 in the PTEN/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway leading to alleviating neuroinflammation via the deactivation of ZEB1 after SCI

[136, 153, 154]