Fig. 1

Common mechanisms by which microglial activation and subsequent hyperinflammation may contribute to neurodegeneration and neuropathological mechanisms of AD, PD, HD, and ALS in human microglia. Some microglial cells tend to produce proinflammatory factors, chemokines and neurotoxic elements, whereas the other microglia synthesize anti-inflammatory, neurodefensive and wound-alleviating elements. Microglia may show a mix of these features and should be viewed as dynamic cells in which the features of the old classification co-exist. Proinflammatory cytokines induce cell death, excitotoxicity, immunological induction, as well as cellular toxicity. These effects exacerbate the core neuroimmunological dysregulations in the neurodegenerative disorders. Illustration created with BioRender.com [211]