From: Microglia dynamics in aging-related neurobehavioral and neuroinflammatory diseases
Microglia phenotype | Â | Heterogeneous | Microglia features | Â | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activating stimulus | IFN-γ, TNF-α, LPS Pathogen-activated molecular patterns glucocorticoids, danger-associated molecular patterns misfolded proteins, complements | IL-4, IL-13 | Immune complexes | IL-10, TGF-β, glucocorticoids | |
Sources of stimulus | Pathogens, natural killer, T-helper-1 lymphocytes | Apoptotic neurons, granulocytes replying to cell damage, fungi or parasites, T helper 2 cells | Â | Macrophage | [189] |
Surface phenotypic markers | iNOS, MHC-II, COX-2, CD14, CD40, CD74, CD86 | Arginase-1, Mannose receptor FIZZ-1, chitinase 3-like 3, chemokines and receptor, CD206, CD209, CD200R, CD33, TREM-2 | Cyclooxygenase 2, sphingosine kinase, inhibitor of cytokine signaling 3, CD16, CD32, CD64 | CD163 | |
Pan markers | HLA-DR, IBA1, CD68 | HLA-DR, IBA1, CD68 | IBA1, CD68 | IBA1, CD68 | [194] |
Substances produced | Hyperinflammatory cytokines: IL-6/12/17/18/23/1β, TNF-α, ROS, Fibroectin, Prostaglandin E2 Excitatory residue | Extracellular matrix proteins, Fibroectin | IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-a | IL-10, TGF-β | |
Functions | Hyperinflammatory, present antigen to lymphocytes, phagocytosis, cytotoxicity | Tissue repair, remodeling of extracellular matrix, phagocytosis | T cell recruitment | Anti-inflammatory, phagocytosis |