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Table 1 Microglial phenotypes and characteristics

From: Microglia dynamics in aging-related neurobehavioral and neuroinflammatory diseases

Microglia phenotype

 

Heterogeneous

Microglia features

 

References

Activating stimulus

IFN-γ, TNF-α, LPS

Pathogen-activated molecular patterns glucocorticoids, danger-associated molecular patterns misfolded proteins, complements

IL-4, IL-13

Immune complexes

IL-10, TGF-β, glucocorticoids

[188,189,190,191,192]

Sources of stimulus

Pathogens, natural killer, T-helper-1 lymphocytes

Apoptotic neurons, granulocytes replying to cell damage, fungi or parasites, T helper 2 cells

 

Macrophage

[189]

Surface phenotypic markers

iNOS, MHC-II, COX-2, CD14, CD40, CD74, CD86

Arginase-1, Mannose receptor FIZZ-1, chitinase 3-like 3, chemokines and receptor, CD206, CD209, CD200R, CD33, TREM-2

Cyclooxygenase 2, sphingosine kinase, inhibitor of cytokine signaling 3, CD16, CD32, CD64

CD163

[193,194,195]

Pan

markers

HLA-DR, IBA1, CD68

HLA-DR, IBA1, CD68

IBA1, CD68

IBA1, CD68

[194]

Substances produced

Hyperinflammatory cytokines: IL-6/12/17/18/23/1β, TNF-α, ROS, Fibroectin, Prostaglandin E2 Excitatory residue

Extracellular matrix proteins, Fibroectin

IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-a

IL-10, TGF-β

[13, 189, 190]

Functions

Hyperinflammatory, present antigen to lymphocytes, phagocytosis, cytotoxicity

Tissue repair, remodeling of extracellular matrix, phagocytosis

T cell recruitment

Anti-inflammatory, phagocytosis

[189],[190]

  1. Possible clinical biomarkers of microglial phenotyping in the CNS. The relevant phenotype biomarkers mentioned should be solely considered as a guide for the identification of microglia but not to restrict the evaluation and taking into account the wide array of activities which various microglial subtypes present within the nervous system. The overview of experiments highlights that a portion of biological markers are utilized in multiple experiments. It is possible that different features of various columns co-exist in microglia
  2. CSF-1R colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor, IBA-1 ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1, IFN-γ interferon-gamma, IL interleukin, LPS lipopolysaccharide, TGF transforming growth factor, TNF tumor necrosis factor, TREM-2 triggering receptor expressed by myeloid cells-2, iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase, MHC major histocompatibility complex