Fig. 5

Secretion of inflammatory mediators by hCMEC/D3 cell line stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein S1 subunit and S1 + pGSN after 6 and 24 h. Expression of IL-2 (A, G), IL-6 (B, H), IL-8 (D, I), TNF-α (D, J), INF-γ (E, K), and GM-CSF (F, L). Protein expression after 6 h of treatment is presented on Panels A–F, and expression after 24 h is on Panels G–L. Alternation of inflammatory response was monitored using a magnetic bead-based assay. The data represent the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments (n = 3). * and ^indicate statistical significance at p ≤ 0.05 compared to CT and S1, respectively, by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test