Fig. 6From: Lactate attenuates astrocytic inflammation by inhibiting ubiquitination and degradation of NDRG2 under oxygen–glucose deprivation conditionsNDRG2−/− mice have higher levels of TNFα in ischemic ipsilateral brain than NDRG2flox/flox mice. A qRT–PCR analysis of TNFα mRNA in brain tissue. β-actin was used as an endogenous control. Paired t-tests were used for statistical comparisons. Data are expressed as means ± SD. n = 6, *P < 0.05 vs. Contralateral, ##P < 0.01 vs. Ipsilateral in NDRG2flox/flox. B Western blot for TNFα protein expression in brain tissue. C: Contralateral; I: Ipsilateral. Paired t-tests were used for statistical comparisons. Data are expressed as means ± SD. n = 3, ns = no significance, *P < 0.05 vs. Contralateral. C TNFα immunostaining in representative sections. Scale bar: 200 μm. Unpaired t-tests were used for statistical comparisons. Data are expressed as means ± SD. n = 5 random samples, *P < 0.05 vs. NDRG2flox/flox. D Representative brain sections obtained 8 h after MCAO surgery, double-stained for TNFα (red) and GFAP (green) (white arrows indicate double-stained cells). Scale bar: 20 μm. Unpaired t-tests were used for statistical comparisons. Data are presented as means ± SD. n = 5 random samples, **P < 0.01 vs. NDRG2flox/floxBack to article page